In , a rebellion in Galicia, assisted by the Asturians, drove out Muslim forces, and it joined the Asturian kingdom. The Kingdom of Asturias became the main base for Christian resistance to Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula for several centuries. Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around when Al-Mansur sacked Barcelona in Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids.
Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many Jews and Christians left. The Taifa kingdoms lost ground to the Christian realms in the north. After the loss of Toledo in , the Muslim rulers reluctantly invited the Almoravides, who invaded Al-Andalus from North Africa and established an empire.
In the 12th century the Almoravid empire broke up again, only to be taken over by the invasion of the Almohads, who were defeated by an alliance of the Christian kingdoms in the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in By , nearly all of Iberia was back under Christian rule, with the exception of the Muslim kingdom of Granada—the only independent Muslim realm in Spain that would last until Despite the decline in Muslim-controlled kingdoms, it is important to note the lasting effects exerted on the peninsula by Muslims in technology, culture, and society.
It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. People who converted to Catholicism were not subject to expulsion, but between and hundreds of those who had converted conversos and moriscos were accused of secretly practicing their original religion crypto-Judaism or crypto-Islam and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture, and in some cases burned to death, in both Castile and Aragon.
In the monarchs issued a decree of expulsion of Jews, known formally as the Alhambra Decree, which gave Jews in Spain four months to either convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. Later in , Ferdinand issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, inviting them back to Spain if they had become Christians. The Inquisition was not definitively abolished until , during the reign of Isabella II, after a period of declining influence in the preceding century.
Most of the descendants of the Muslims who submitted to conversion to Christianity rather than exile during the early periods of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition, the Moriscos, were later expelled from Spain after serious social upheaval, when the Inquisition was at its height. The expulsions were carried out more severely in eastern Spain Valencia and Aragon due to local animosity towards Muslims and Moriscos perceived as economic rivals; local workers saw them as cheap labor undermining their bargaining position with the landlords.
Those that the Spanish Inquisition found to be secretly practicing Islam or Judaism were executed, imprisoned, or expelled. Although the period of rule by the Visigothic Kingdom c. The Councils of Toledo debated creed and liturgy in orthodox Catholicism, and the Council of Lerida in constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them under the blessings of Rome.
In , the Visigothic king at Toledo, Reccared, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement in Spain to unify the various religious doctrines that existed in the land.
This put an end to dissension on the question of Arianism. The period of Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition that followed turned Catholicism into the dominant religion of Spain, which has shaped the development of the Spanish state and national identity. Skip to main content. Search for:. Born in Kentucky in , Albert Georgia votes to ratify the U. Constitution, becoming the fourth state in the modern United States. Oglethorpe traveled up the Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
Senator Timothy Pickering, a Federalist from Massachusetts, becomes the first senator to be censured when the Senate approves a censure motion against him by a vote of 20 to seven. Pickering was accused of violating congressional law by publicly revealing secret documents It was the first in a series of defeats that by June turned the tide of the imperial conflict irrevocably against Russia.
In February , These actions sent a message that the age of On January 2, , media outlets report that a rare unrestored Bugatti Type 57S Atalante Coupe has been found in the garage of a British doctor. The black two-seater, one of just 17 57S On January 2, , President Richard M. Nixon signs the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, setting a new national maximum speed limit.
Prior to , individual states set speed limits within their boundaries and highway speed limits across the country ranged from The year-old writer had gained international fame with the publication of The Weavers, one of the most significant popular-music groups of the postwar era, saw their career nearly destroyed during the Red Scare of the early s.
Even with anti-communist fervor in decline by the early s, the Weavers' leftist politics were used against them as late After signing a three-year contract at a The so-called Yorkshire Ripper is finally caught by British police, ending one of the largest manhunts in history. For five years, investigators had pursued every lead in an effort to stop the serial killer who terrorized Northern England, but the end came out of pure These actions indicated that
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