See table 4. The industry with the highest percentage of workers earning hourly wages at or below the federal minimum wage was leisure and hospitality 11 percent. About three-fifths of all workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage were employed in this industry, almost entirely in restaurants and other food services.
For many of these workers, tips may supplement the hourly wages received. See table 5. State of residence. The states with the highest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the minimum wage were in the South: Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Virginia all were about 4 percent. The states with the lowest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were in the West or Midwest: California, Washington, Montana, and Minnesota all were less than 1 percent.
It should be noted that many states have minimum wage laws establishing standards that exceed the federal minimum wage.
See tables 2 and 3. White 1. Black or African American 1. Asian 1. Hispanic or Latino 1. Full-time workers 2. Part-time workers 2.
Footnotes 1 Estimates for the above race groups--White, Black or African American, and Asian--do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours. Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U. Bureau of Labor Statistics. These data are based on a sample and therefore are subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous states. Married, spouse present 1. Widowed, divorced, or separated 2. Footnotes 1 Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
Note: Data exclude all self-employed workers, whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Estimates of usual hours worked presented in this table differ from usual full- or part-time status as shown in table 1 because of a sizable number of workers whose usual hours vary on the primary job.
Footnotes 1 Data for , , and reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years. Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey CPS. The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey CPS , which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment.
The survey is conducted monthly for the U. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60, eligible households in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey also provides data on earnings, which are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers.
All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from these earnings estimates. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. All candidate and potential candidate countries with a minimum wage, except Turkey, belong to group 1, with minimum wage levels ranging from PPS in Albania to PPS in North Macedonia.
Turkey, with a minimum wage level of PPS 1 falls within group 2. On 1 July , minimum wage levels in euros varied on a scale of 1 to 6.
When expressed in PPS, this ratio shrinks to 1 to 2. Figure 3 provides information in relation to the share of the national minimum wage in median gross earnings, calculated with and without part-time employees.
National minimum wages expressed in euro, applicable on 1 July , were divided by the median gross earnings measured from the Structure of Earning Survey SES Note: For the purpose of this analysis, payments for overtime and shift work have been excluded from the calculation of median gross earnings. In the case of Germany, France and Ireland, whose minimum wages are set on an hourly basis, the ratio was calculated as a proportion of the median hourly earnings. For the other 18 EU Member states that have a national monthly minimum wage and for which data are available, the ratio was calculated as a proportion of the median monthly earnings.
Median earnings were calculated with and without part-time workers see Figure 3. When part-time workers are included in the calculation, their earnings are first converted into full-time equivalents.
The proportion of employees earning the minimum wage can vary considerably across countries. By linking microdata from the Structure of earnings Survey SES with the level of minimum wages in force at the time reference date: 1 July , it is possible to derive an estimate of these proportions as presented in Figure 4. Moreover, monthly earnings calculated from the SES exclude any earnings related to overtime and shift work.
Minimum wage statistics published by Eurostat refer to monthly national minimum wages. Data are published in relation to the minimum wages applied on 1 January and 1 July each year. The basic national minimum wage is fixed at an hourly, weekly or monthly rate, and this minimum wage is enforced by law the government , often after consultation with social partners, or directly by a national intersectoral agreement.
The national minimum wage usually applies to all employees, or at least to a large majority of employees in the country; the information is reported in gross terms. A complete set of country-specific information on national minimum wages is available in an annex as part of the metadata.
Estimates of usual hours worked presented in this table differ from usual full- or part-time status as shown in table 1 because of a sizable number of workers whose usual hours vary on the primary job. Footnotes 1 Data for —, —, and — reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years. Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey CPS.
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey CPS , which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment.
The survey is conducted monthly for the U. Census Bureau using a nationally representative sample of about 60, eligible households in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey also provides data on earnings, which are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers.
All self-employed workers, whether or not their businesses are incorporated, are excluded from these earnings estimates. This information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice telephone: ; Federal Relay Service: The principal definitions used in connection with the estimates of minimum wage workers presented in this report are described briefly below.
Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Workers paid by the hour are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.
Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received. Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates.
Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded. Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in The prevailing federal minimum wage for and later years is listed in the following table.
Estimates of the annual average number of minimum wage workers for years when the minimum wage increased during the year reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. Full-time workers are defined as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers are defined as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Race is reported by the household respondent. Data for other race groups--American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders--and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. Married, spouse present refers to people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages living together in the same household. Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; or married, spouse absent.
Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the previous definition of separated.
The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage are based solely on the hourly wage that respondents report which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions. It should be noted that some respondents might round their hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might be reported as having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers reported as earning at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not in fact be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Other persons, such as guards, janitors, and maintenance employees who perform duties which are closely related and directly essential to such interstate activities are also covered by the FLSA.
It also applies to employees of federal, state or local government agencies, hospitals and schools, and it generally applies to domestic workers. The FLSA contains a number of exemptions from the minimum wage that may apply to some workers. This publication is for general information and is not to be considered in the same light as official statements of position contained in the regulations.
For additional information, visit our Wage-Hour website: www. Questions and Answers About the Minimum Wage. What is the federal minimum wage? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips? Must young workers be paid the minimum wage?
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